Sobre clusters y otros demonios

De vez en cuando nos clavamos un post sobre la cuestión de los clusters. La posibilidad de apoyar el desarrollo de determinados sectores a partir de su proximidad geográfica y de la presencia de servicios y actores transversales parece estar otra vez en boga, gracias a la revalorización del rol del Estado. En la Ciudad de Buenos Aires venimos impulsando varios distritos bajo esta misma lógica, habiendo comenzado a andar este camino hace casi dos años con el Distrito Tecnológico en Parque Patricios (el martes 13 de Julio presentamos nuestro proyecto de ley de creación del Distrito Audiovisual).

Financial Times publica un artículo en el que analizan este fenómeno a la luz de las teorías de Michael Porter:

For Babel Media, the benefits of being part of the Montreal cluster are numerous, says Steve Kingswell, the company’s chief financial officer. “It provides an enhanced labour pool, so recruiting is easier,” he says. “The colleges and universities here are encouraged to offer courses in the creative media and technology, and research in the universities gets tailored to our industry. Also, the companies in the cluster can lobby together for changes in the locality.”

The decision to open an office in Montreal, however, was largely influenced by generous incentives from the Quebec government. Software producers in Montreal can, for example, claim tax relief on up to 30 per cent of the salaries of their production staff, or up to 37.5 per cent if their work is published in French.

Other governments are employing similar tactics to help create jobs and lure businesses. “There is a growing realisation that just working on the framework conditions for growth (say, good infrastructure and education) is insufficient,” explains Prof Porter. In the past, he argues, national governments have either tended to think too broadly, focusing only on general business environment conditions, or too narrowly, cherry-picking “winners” in specific sectors by giving them special treatment.

Como puede verse, la competencia entre países y regiones es salvaje. El menú de seducción ahora incluye el set habitual de factores pro competitividad y también la devolución en impuestos y costos laborales. Y a la ensalada hay que agregarle los factores soft vinculados a la posibilidad de atraer a las clases creativas:

However, research by Richard Florida, an urban studies theorist based at the Rotman School of Management in Toronto, suggests their success will depend on other factors.

Montreal is “a key centre for emerging musical acts”, he points out. It is a great place to live, with a healthy stock of affordable housing. Overall, the city helps its clusters by “being open to creativity, mixing it with history and facilitating what we called ‘spill-acrosses’ from technology to art and entertainment”.

Governments can help clusters become the “go to” destinations for particular industries, he concludes. “But it takes time. And it takes sustained investment in great universities and in people and, of course, in the physical fabric of the place.”